The CICA Windows Explosion!/The CICA Windows Explosion! - Disc 2.iso/demo/wemdemo4.zip/INFO/LEMACS.7

GNU Info File | 1994-09-21 | 52KB | 922 lines

This is Info file ../info/lemacs, produced by Makeinfo-1.55 from the
input file lemacs.txi.
   This file documents the GNU Emacs editor.
   Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.  Copyright (C)
1991, 1992 Lucid, Inc.
   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
"Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
File: lemacs,  Node: Several Buffers,  Prev: Kill Buffer,  Up: Buffers
Operating on Several Buffers
============================
   The "buffer-menu" facility is like a "Dired for buffers"; it allows
you to request operations on various Emacs buffers by editing a buffer
containing a list of them.  You can save buffers, kill them (here
called "deleting" them, for consistency with Dired), or display them.
`M-x buffer-menu'
     Begin editing a buffer listing all Emacs buffers.
   The command `buffer-menu' writes a list of all Emacs buffers into
the buffer `*Buffer List*', and selects that buffer in Buffer Menu
mode.  The buffer is read-only.  You can only change it using the
special commands described in this section.  Most of the commands are
graphic characters.  You can use  Emacs cursor motion commands in the
`*Buffer List*' buffer.  If the cursor is on a line describing a
buffer, the following  special commands apply to that buffer:
     Request to delete (kill) the buffer, then move down.  A `D' before
     the buffer name on a line indicates a deletion request.  Requested
     deletions actually take place when you use the `x' command.
     Synonym for `d'.
`C-d'
     Like `d' but move up afterwards instead of down.
     Request to save the buffer.  An `S' befor the buffer name on a line
     indicates the request.  Requested saves actually take place when
     you use the `x' command.  You can request both saving and deletion
     for the same buffer.
     Mark buffer "unmodified".  The command `~' does this immediately
     when typed.
     Perform previously requested deletions and saves.
     Remove any request made for the current line, and move down.
`DEL'
     Move to previous line and remove any request made for that line.
   All commands that add or remove flags to request later operations
also move down a line.  They accept a numeric argument as a repeat
count, unless otherwise specified.
   There are also special commands to use the buffer list to select
another buffer, and to specify one or more other buffers for display in
additional windows.
     Select the buffer in a full-screen window.  This command takes
     effect immediately.
     Immediately set up two windows, with this buffer in one, and the
     buffer selected before `*Buffer List*' in the other.
     Immediately select the buffer in place of the `*Buffer List*'
     buffer.
     Immediately select the buffer in another window as if by `C-x 4 b',
     leaving `*Buffer List*' visible.
     Immediately select this buffer, and display any buffers previously
     flagged with the `m' command in other windows.  If there are no
     buffers flagged with `m', this command is equivalent to `1'.
     Flag this buffer to be displayed in another window if the `q'
     command is used.  The request shows as a `>' at the beginning of
     the line.  The same buffer may not have both a delete request and a
     display request.
   Going back between a `buffer-menu' buffer and other Emacs buffers is
easy.  You can, for example, switch from the `*Buffer List*' buffer to
another Emacs buffer, and edit there.  You can then reselect the
`buffer-menu' buffer, and perform operations already requested, or you
can kill that buffer, or pay no further attention to it.   All that
`buffer-menu' does directly is create and select a suitable buffer, and
turn on Buffer Menu mode.  All the other capabilities of the buffer
menu are implemented by special commands provided in Buffer Menu mode.
   The only difference between `buffer-menu' and `list-buffers' is that
`buffer-menu' selects the `*Buffer List*' buffer and `list-buffers'
does not.  If you run `list-buffers' (that is, type `C-x C-b') and
select the buffer list manually, you can use all the commands described
here.
File: lemacs,  Node: Windows,  Next: Major Modes,  Prev: Buffers,  Up: Top
Multiple Windows
****************
   Emacs can split the screen into two or many windows, which can
display parts of different buffers, or different parts of one buffer.
If you are running Lucid GNU Emacs under X, that means you can have the
X window that contains the Emacs screen have multiple subwindows.
* Menu:
* Basic Window::     Introduction to Emacs windows.
* Split Window::     New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
* Other Window::     Moving to another window or doing something to it.
* Pop Up Window::    Finding a file or buffer in another window.
* Change Window::    Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
File: lemacs,  Node: Basic Window,  Next: Split Window,  Prev: Windows,  Up: Windows
Concepts of Emacs Windows
=========================
   When Emacs displays multiple windows, each window has one Emacs
buffer designated for display.  The same buffer may appear in more than
one window; if it does, any changes in its text are displayed in all
the windows that display it.  Windows showing the same buffer can show
different parts of it, because each window has its own value of point.
   At any time, one  windows is the "selected window"; the buffer
displayed by that window is the current buffer.  The cursor shows the
location of point in that window.  Each other window has a location of
point as well, but since the terminal has only one cursor it cannot
show the location of point in the other windows.
   Commands to move point affect the value of point for the selected
Emacs window only.  They do not change the value of point in any other
Emacs window, including those showing the same buffer.  The same is
true for commands such as `C-x b' to change the selected buffer in the
selected window; they do not affect other windows at all.  However,
there are other commands such as `C-x 4 b' that select a different
window and switch buffers in it.  Also, all commands that display
information in a window, including (for example) `C-h f'
(`describe-function') and `C-x C-b' (`list-buffers'), work by switching
buffers in a non-selected window without affecting the selected window.
   Each window has its own mode line, which displays the buffer name,
modification status and major and minor modes of the buffer that is
displayed in the window.  *Note Mode Line::, for details on the mode
line.
File: lemacs,  Node: Split Window,  Next: Other Window,  Prev: Basic Window,  Up: Windows
Splitting Windows
=================
`C-x 2'
     Split the selected window into two windows, one above the other
     (`split-window-vertically').
`C-x 5'
     Split the selected window into two windows positioned side by side
     (`split-window-horizontally').
     In Lucid GNU Emacs, horizontal window splitting is not
     implemented.  In this version, `C-x 5' creates a new screen.
`C-x 6'
     Save the current window configuration in register REG (a letter).
`C-x 7'
     Restore (make current) the window configuration in register REG (a
     letter).  Use with a register previously set with `C-x 6'.
   The command `C-x 2' (`split-window-vertically') breaks the selected
window into two windows, one above the other.  Both windows start out
displaying the same buffer, with the same value of point.  By default
each of the two windows gets half the height of the window that was
split.  A numeric argument specifies how many lines to give to the top
window.
   `C-x 5' (`split-window-horizontally') breaks the selected window
into two side-by-side windows.  A numeric argument specifies how many
columns to give the one on the left.  A line of vertical bars separates
the two windows.  Windows that are not the full width of the screen
have truncated mode lines which do not always appear in inverse video,
because Emacs display routines cannot display a region of inverse video
that is only part of a line on the screen.
   When a window is less than the full width, many text lines are too
long to fit.  Continuing all those lines might be confusing.  Set the
variable `truncate-partial-width-windows' to non-`nil' to force
truncation in all windows less than the full width of the screen,
independent of the buffer and its value for `truncate-lines'.  *Note
Continuation Lines::.
   Horizontal scrolling is often used in side-by-side windows.  *Note
Display::.
   You can resize a window and store that configuration in a register by
supplying a REGISTER argument to `register-to-window-config' (`C-x 6').
To return to the window configuration established with
(`window-config-to-register', use `register-to-window-config' (`C-x 7').
File: lemacs,  Node: Other Window,  Next: Pop Up Window,  Prev: Split Window,  Up: Windows
Using Other Windows
===================
`C-x o'
     Select another window (`other-window').  That is `o', not zero.
`C-M-v'
     Scroll the next window (`scroll-other-window').
`M-x compare-windows'
     Find the next place where the text in the selected window does not
     match the text in the next window.
`M-x other-window-any-screen N'
     Select the Nth different window on any screen.
   To select a different window, use `C-x o' (`other-window').  That is
an `o', for `other', not a zero.  When there are more than two windows,
the command moves through all the windows in a cyclic order, generally
top to bottom and left to right.  From the rightmost and bottommost
window, it goes back to the one at the upper left corner.  A numeric
argument, N, moves several steps in the cyclic order of windows. A
negative numeric argument moves around the cycle in the opposite order.
If the optional second argument ALL_SCREENS is non-`nil', the function
cycles through all screens.  When the minibuffer is active, the
minibuffer is the last window in the cycle; you can switch from the
minibuffer window to one of the other windows, and later switch back
and finish supplying the minibuffer argument that is requested.  *Note
Minibuffer Edit::.
   The command `M-x other-window-any-screen' also selects the window N
steps away in the cyclic order.  However, unlike `other-window', this
command selects a window on the next or previous screen instead of
wrapping around to the top or bottom of the current screen, when there
are no more windows.
   The usual scrolling commands (*note Display::.) apply to the selected
window only.  `C-M-v' (`scroll-other-window') scrolls the window that
`C-x o' would select.  Like `C-v', it takes positive and negative
arguments.
   The command `M-x compare-windows' compares the text in the current
window with the text in the next window.  Comparison starts at point in
each window.  Point moves forward in each window, a character at a time,
until the next set of characters in the two windows are different.
Then the command is finished.
   A prefix argument IGNORE-WHITESPACE means ignore changes in
whitespace.  The variable `compare-windows-whitespace' controls how
whitespace is skipped.
   If `compare-ignore-case' is non-`nil', changes in case are also
ignored.
File: lemacs,  Node: Pop Up Window,  Next: Change Window,  Prev: Other Window,  Up: Windows
Displaying in Another Window
============================
   `C-x 4' is a prefix key for commands that select another window
(splitting the window if there is only one) and select a buffer in that
window.  Different `C-x 4' commands have different ways of finding the
buffer to select.
`C-x 4 b BUFNAME RET'
     Select buffer BUFNAME in another window.  This runs
     `switch-to-buffer-other-window'.
`C-x 4 f FILENAME RET'
     Visit file FILENAME and select its buffer in another window.  This
     runs `find-file-other-window'.  *Note Visiting::.
`C-x 4 d DIRECTORY RET'
     Select a Dired buffer for directory DIRECTORY in another window.
     This runs `dired-other-window'.  *Note Dired::.
`C-x 4 m'
     Start composing a mail message in another window.  This runs
     `mail-other-window', and its same-window version is `C-x m' (*note
     Sending Mail::.).
`C-x 4 .'
     Find a tag in the current tag table in another window.  This runs
     `find-tag-other-window', the multiple-window variant of `M-.'
     (*note Tags::.).
   If the variable `display-buffer-function' is non-`nil', it is the
function to call to handle display-buffer. It receives two arguments,
the buffer and a flag, that if non-`nil', means that the currently
selected window is not acceptable. Commands, such as
`switch-to-buffer-other-window' and `find-file-other-window' work using
this function.
File: lemacs,  Node: Change Window,  Prev: Pop Up Window,  Up: Windows
Deleting and Rearranging Windows
================================
`C-x 0'
     Get rid of the selected window (`delete-window').  That is a zero.
     If there is more than one Emacs screen, deleting the sole remaining
     window on that screen deletes the screen as well. If the current
     screen is the only screen, it is not deleted.
`C-x 1'
     Get rid of all windows except the selected one
     (`delete-other-windows').
`C-x ^'
     Make the selected window taller, at the expense of the other(s)
     (`enlarge-window').
`C-x }'
     Make the selected window wider (`enlarge-window-horizontally').
   To delete a window, type `C-x 0' (`delete-window').  (That is a
zero.)  The space occupied by the deleted window is distributed among
the other active windows (but not the minibuffer window, even if that
is active at the time).  Once a window is deleted, its attributes are
forgotten; there is no automatic way to make another window of the same
shape or showing the same buffer.  The buffer continues to exist, and
you can select it in any window with `C-x b'.
   `C-x 1' (`delete-other-windows') is more powerful than `C-x 0'; it
deletes all the windows except the selected one (and the minibuffer).
The selected window expands to use the whole screen except for the echo
area.
   To readjust the division of space among existing windows, use `C-x
^' (`enlarge-window').  It makes the currently selected window longer
by one line or as many lines as a numeric argument specifies.  With a
negative argument, it makes the selected window smaller.  `C-x }'
(`enlarge-window-horizontally') makes the selected window wider by the
specified number of columns.  The extra screen space given to a window
comes from one of its neighbors, if that is possible; otherwise, all
the competing windows are shrunk in the same proportion.  If this makes
some windows too small, those windows are deleted and their space is
divided up.   Minimum window size is specified by the variables
`window-min-height' and `window-min-width'.
File: lemacs,  Node: Major Modes,  Next: Indentation,  Prev: Windows,  Up: Top
Major Modes
***********
   Emacs has many different "major modes", each of which customizes
Emacs for editing text of a particular sort.  The major modes are
mutually exclusive;  at any time, each buffer has one major mode.  The
mode line normally contains the name of the current major mode in
parentheses.  *Note Mode Line::.
   The least specialized major mode is called "Fundamental mode".  This
mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings.  Each
Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each option is in
its default state.  For editing any specific type of text, such as Lisp
code or English text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode,
such as Lisp mode or Text mode.
   Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
more specifically adapted to the language being edited.  TAB, DEL, and
LFD are changed frequently.  In addition, commands which handle
comments use the mode to determine how to delimit comments.  Many major
modes redefine the syntactical properties of characters appearing in
the buffer.  *Note Syntax::.
   The major modes fall into three major groups.  Lisp mode (which has
several variants), C mode, and Muddle mode are for specific programming
languages.  Text mode, Nroff mode, TeX mode and Outline mode are for
editing English text.  The remaining major modes are not intended for
use on users' files; they are used in buffers created by Emacs for
specific purposes and include Dired mode for buffers made by Dired
(*note Dired::.), Mail mode for buffers made by `C-x m' (*note Sending
Mail::.), and Shell mode for buffers used for communicating with an
inferior shell process (*note Interactive Shell::.).
   Most programming language major modes specify that only blank lines
separate paragraphs.  This is so that the paragraph commands remain
useful.  *Note Paragraphs::.  They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
definition of TAB to indent the new lines it creates.  This is because
most lines in a program are usually indented.  *Note Indentation::.
* Menu:
* Choosing Modes::     How major modes are specified or chosen.
File: lemacs,  Node: Choosing Modes,  Prev: Major Modes,  Up: Major Modes
Choosing Major Modes
====================
   You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
name or some text in the file.
   Use a `M-x' command to explicitly select a new major mode.  Add
`-mode' to the name of a major mode to get the name of a command to
select that mode.  For example, to enter Lisp mode, execute `M-x
lisp-mode'.
   When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode
based on the file's name.  For example, files whose names end in `.c'
are edited in C mode.  The variable `auto-mode-alist' controls the
correspondence between file names and major mode.  Its value is a list
in which each element has the form
     (REGEXP . MODE-FUNCTION)
For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
`("\\.c$" . c-mode)'. It is responsible for selecting C mode for files
whose names end in `.c'.  (Note that `\\' is needed in Lisp syntax to
include a `\' in the string, which is needed to suppress the special
meaning of `.' in regexps.)  The only practical way to change this
variable is with Lisp code.
   You can specify which major mode should be used for editing a certain
file by a special sort of text in the first non-blank line of the file.
The mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
`-*-'.  Other text may appear on the line as well.  For example,
     ;-*-Lisp-*-
tells Emacs to use Lisp mode.  Note how the semicolon is used to make
Lisp treat this line as a comment.  Such an explicit specification
overrides any default mode based on the file name.
   Another format of mode specification is
     -*-Mode: MODENAME;-*-
which allows other things besides the major mode name to be specified.
However, Emacs does not look for anything except the mode name.
   The major mode can also be specified in a local variables list.
*Note File Variables::.
   When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
when you create a new buffer with `C-x b', Emacs uses the major mode
specified by the variable `default-major-mode'.  Normally this value is
the symbol `fundamental-mode', which specifies Fundamental mode.  If
`default-major-mode' is `nil', the major mode is taken from the
previously selected buffer.
File: lemacs,  Node: Indentation,  Next: Text,  Prev: Major Modes,  Up: Top
Indentation
***********
`TAB'
     Indent current line "appropriately" in a mode-dependent fashion.
`LFD'
     Perform RET followed by TAB (`newline-and-indent').
`M-^'
     Merge two lines (`delete-indentation').  This would cancel out the
     effect of LFD.
`C-M-o'
     Split line at point; text on the line after point becomes a new
     line indented to the same column that it now starts in
     (`split-line').
`M-m'
     Move (forward or back) to the first non-blank character on the
     current line (`back-to-indentation').
`C-M-\'
     Indent several lines to same column (`indent-region').
`C-x TAB'
     Shift block of lines rigidly right or left (`indent-rigidly').
`M-i'
     Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column
     (`tab-to-tab-stop').
`M-x indent-relative'
     Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous
     line.
   Most programming languages have some indentation convention.  For
Lisp code, lines are indented according to their nesting in
parentheses.  The same general idea is used for C code, though details
differ.
   Use the TAB command to indent a line whatever the language, Each
major mode defines this command to perform indentation appropriate for
the particular language.  In Lisp mode, TAB aligns a line according to
its depth in parentheses.  No matter where in the line you are when you
type TAB, it aligns the line as a whole.  In C mode, TAB implements a
subtle and sophisticated indentation style that knows about many
aspects of C syntax.
   In Text mode, TAB runs the command `tab-to-tab-stop', which indents
to the next tab stop column.  You can set the tab stops with `M-x
edit-tab-stops'.
* Menu:
* Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
* Tab Stops::            You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
                         indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
* Just Spaces::          You can request indentation using just spaces.
File: lemacs,  Node: Indentation Commands,  Next: Tab Stops,  Prev: Indentation,  Up: Indentation
Indentation Commands and Techniques
===================================
   If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can
type `C-q TAB'.
   To move over the indentation on a line, type `Meta-m'
(`back-to-indentation').  This command, given anywhere on a line,
positions point at the first non-blank character on the line.
   To insert an indented line before the current line, type `C-a C-o
TAB'.  To make an indented line after the current line, use `C-e LFD'.
   `C-M-o' (`split-line') moves the text from point to the end of the
line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines.
`C-M-o' first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs.  Then it
inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same
column point is on.  Point remains before the inserted newline; in this
regard, `C-M-o' resembles `C-o'.
   To join two lines cleanly, use the `Meta-^' (`delete-indentation')
command to delete the indentation at the front of the current line, and
the line boundary as well.  Empty spaces are replaced by a single
space, or by no space if at the beginning of a line, before a `)', or
after a `('.  To delete just the indentation of a line, go to the
beginning of the line and use `Meta-\' (`delete-horizontal-space'),
which deletes all spaces and tabs around the cursor.
   There are also commands for changing the indentation of several
lines at once.  `Control-Meta-\' (`indent-region') gives each line which
begins in the region the "usual" indentation by invoking TAB at the
beginning of the line.  A numeric argument specifies the column to
indent to.  Each line is shifted left or right so that its first
non-blank character appears in that column.  `C-x TAB'
(`indent-rigidly') moves all the lines in the region right by its
argument (left, for negative arguments).  The whole group of lines moves
rigidly sideways, which is how the command gets its name.
   `M-x indent-relative' indents at point based on the previous line
(actually, the last non-empty line.)  It inserts whitespace at point,
moving point, until it is underneath an indentation point in the
previous line.  An indentation point is the end of a sequence of
whitespace or the end of the line.  If point is farther right than any
indentation point in the previous line, the whitespace before point is
deleted and the first indentation point then applicable is used.  If no
indentation point is applicable even then, `tab-to-tab-stop' is run
(see next section).
   `indent-relative' is the definition of TAB in Indented Text mode.
*Note Text::.
File: lemacs,  Node: Tab Stops,  Next: Just Spaces,  Prev: Indentation Commands,  Up: Indentation
Tab Stops
=========
   For typing in tables, you can use Text mode's definition of TAB,
`tab-to-tab-stop'.  This command inserts indentation before point,
enough to reach the next tab stop column.  Even if you are not in Text
mode, this function is associated with `M-i' anyway.
   You can arbitrarily set the tab stops used by `M-i'.  They are
stored as a list of column-numbers in increasing order in the variable
`tab-stop-list'.
   The convenient way to set the tab stops is using `M-x
edit-tab-stops', which creates and selects a buffer containing a
description of the tab stop settings.  You can edit this buffer to
specify different tab stops, and then type `C-c C-c' to make those new
tab stops take effect.  In the tab stop buffer, `C-c C-c' runs the
function `edit-tab-stops-note-changes' rather than the default
`save-buffer'.  `edit-tab-stops' records which buffer was current when
you invoked it, and stores the tab stops in that buffer.  Normally all
buffers share the same tab stops and changing them in one buffer
affects all.  If you make `tab-stop-list' local in one buffer
`edit-tab-stops' in that buffer edits only the local settings.
   Here is the text representing ordinary tab stops every eight columns.
             :       :       :       :       :       :
     0         1         2         3         4
     0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
     To install changes, type C-c C-c
   The first line contains a colon at each tab stop.  The remaining
lines help you see where the colons are and tell you what to do.
   Note that the tab stops that control `tab-to-tab-stop' have nothing
to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer.  *Note Display
Vars::, for more information on that.
File: lemacs,  Node: Just Spaces,  Prev: Tab Stops,  Up: Indentation
Tabs vs. Spaces
===============
   Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines.  If you
prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only.  To request this,
set `indent-tabs-mode' to `nil'.  This is a per-buffer variable;
altering the variable affects only the current buffer, but there is a
default value which you can change as well.  *Note Locals::.
   There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa,
always preserving the columns of all non-blank text.  `M-x tabify'
scans the region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at
least three spaces to tabs if that is possible without changing
indentation.  `M-x untabify' changes all tabs in the region to
corresponding numbers of spaces.
File: lemacs,  Node: Text,  Next: Programs,  Prev: Indentation,  Up: Top
Commands for Human Languages
****************************
   The term "text" has two widespread meanings in our area of the
computer field.  One is data that is a sequence of characters.  In this
sense of the word any file that you edit with Emacs is text.  The other
meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human
language for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text
formatter), as opposed to a program or commands for a program.
   Human languages have syntactic and stylistic conventions that editor
commands should support or use to advantage: conventions involving
words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters.  This chapter
describes Emacs commands for all these things.  There are also commands
for "filling", or rearranging paragraphs into lines of approximately
equal length.  The commands for moving over and killing words, sentences
and paragraphs, while intended primarily for editing text, are also
often useful for editing programs.
   Emacs has several major modes for editing human language text.  If a
file contains plain text, use Text mode, which customizes Emacs in
small ways for the syntactic conventions of text.  For text which
contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs has other major
modes, each for a particular text formatter.  Thus, for input to TeX,
you can use TeX mode; for input to nroff, Nroff mode.
* Menu:
* Text Mode::   The major modes for editing text files.
* Nroff Mode::  The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff.
* TeX Mode::    The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX.
* Outline Mode::The major mode for editing outlines.
* Words::       Moving over and killing words.
* Sentences::   Moving over and killing sentences.
* Paragraphs::    Moving over paragraphs.
* Pages::    Moving over pages.
* Filling::     Filling or justifying text
* Case::        Changing the case of text
File: lemacs,  Node: Text Mode,  Next: Words,  Prev: Text,  Up: Text
Text Mode
=========
   You should use Text mode--rather than Fundamental or Lisp mode--to
edit files of text in a human language.  Invoke `M-x text-mode' to
enter Text mode.  In Text mode, TAB runs the function
`tab-to-tab-stop', which allows you to use arbitrary tab stops set with
`M-x edit-tab-stops' (*note Tab Stops::.).  Features concerned with
comments in programs are turned off unless they are explicitly invoked.
The syntax table is changed so that periods are not considered part of a
word, while apostrophes, backspaces and underlines are.
   A similar variant mode is Indented Text mode, intended for editing
text in which most lines are indented.  This mode defines TAB to run
`indent-relative' (*note Indentation::.), and makes Auto Fill indent
the lines it creates.  As a result, a line made by Auto Filling, or by
LFD, is normally indented just like the previous line.  Use `M-x
indented-text-mode' to select this mode.
   Entering Text mode or Indented Text mode calls the value of the
variable `text-mode-hook' with no arguments, if that value exists and
is not `nil'.  This value is also called when modes related to Text
mode are entered; this includes Nroff mode, TeX mode, Outline mode and
Mail mode.  Your hook can look at the value of `major-mode' to see
which of these modes is actually being entered.
   Two modes similar to Text mode are of use for editing text that is to
be passed through a text formatter before achieving the form in which
humans are to read it.
* Menu:
* Nroff Mode::  The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff.
* TeX Mode::    The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX.
  Another similar mode is used for editing outlines.  It allows you
to view the text at various levels of detail.  You can view either
the outline headings alone or both headings and text; you can also
hide some of the headings at lower levels from view to make the high
level structure more visible.
* Outline Mode::The major mode for editing outlines.
File: lemacs,  Node: Nroff Mode,  Next: TeX Mode,  Prev: Text Mode,  Up: Text Mode
Nroff Mode
----------
   Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff
commands present in the text.  Invoke `M-x nroff-mode' to enter this
mode.  Nroff mode differs from Text mode in only a few ways.  All nroff
command lines are considered paragraph separators, so that filling never
garbles the nroff commands.  Pages are separated by `.bp' commands.
Comments start with backslash-doublequote.  There are also three special
commands that are not available in Text mode:
`M-n'
     Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command
     (`forward-text-line').  An argument is a repeat count.
`M-p'
     Like `M-n' but move up (`backward-text-line').
`M-?'
     Prints in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are
     not nroff commands) in the region (`count-text-lines').
   The other feature of Nroff mode is that you can turn on Electric
Nroff newline mode.  This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off
with `M-x electric-nroff-mode' (*note Minor Modes::.).  When the mode is
on and you use RET to end a line that containing an nroff command that
opens a kind of grouping, Emacs automatically inserts the matching
nroff command to close that grouping on the following line.  For
example, if you are at the beginning of a line and type `. ( b RET',
the matching command `.)b' will be inserted on a new line following
point.
   Entering Nroff mode calls the value of the variable `text-mode-hook'
with no arguments, if that value exists and is not `nil'; then does the
same with the variable `nroff-mode-hook'.
File: lemacs,  Node: TeX Mode,  Next: Outline Mode,  Prev: Nroff Mode,  Up: Text Mode
TeX Mode
--------
   TeX is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; like GNU
Emacs, it is free.  LaTeX is a simplified input format for TeX,
implemented by TeX macros.  It is part of TeX.
   Emacs has a special TeX mode for editing TeX input files.  It
provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for
invoking TeX on all or part of the file.
   TeX mode has two variants, Plain TeX mode and LaTeX mode, which are
two distinct major modes that differ only slightly.  These modes are
designed for editing the two different input formats.  The command `M-x
tex-mode' looks at the contents of a buffer to determine whether it
appears to be LaTeX input or not; it then selects the appropriate mode.
If it can't tell which is right (e.g., the buffer is empty), the
variable `TeX-default-mode' controls which mode is used.
   The commands `M-x plain-tex-mode' and `M-x latex-mode' explicitly
select one of the variants of TeX mode.  Use these commands when `M-x
tex-mode' does not guess right.
* Menu:
* Editing: TeX Editing.   Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
* Printing: TeX Print.    Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
   TeX for Unix systems can be obtained from the University of
Washington for a distribution fee.
   To order a full distribution, send $140.00 for a 1/2 inch 9-track
tape, $165.00 for two 4-track 1/4 inch cartridge tapes (foreign sites
$150.00, for 1/2 inch, $175.00 for 1/4 inch, to cover the extra
postage) payable to the University of Washington to:
     The Director
     Northwest Computer Support Group,  DW-10
     University of Washington
     Seattle, Washington 98195
Purchase orders are acceptable, but there is an extra charge of $10.00,
to pay for processing charges. (Total of $150 for domestic sites, $175
for foreign sites).
   The normal distribution is a tar tape, blocked 20, 1600 bpi, on an
industry standard 2400 foot half-inch reel.  The physical format for
the 1/4 inch streamer cartridges uses QIC-11, 8000 bpi, 4-track
serpentine recording for the SUN.  Also, SystemV tapes can be written
in cpio format, blocked 5120 bytes, ASCII headers.
File: lemacs,  Node: TeX Editing,  Next: TeX Print,  Prev: TeX Mode,  Up: TeX Mode
TeX Editing Commands
....................
   Here are the special commands provided in TeX mode for editing the
text of the file.
     Insert, according to context, either ```' or `"' or `'''
     (`TeX-insert-quote').
`LFD'
     Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous
     paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs (`TeX-terminate-
     paragraph').
`M-x validate-TeX-buffer'
     Check each paragraph in the buffer for unbalanced braces or dollar
     signs.
`M-{'
     Insert `{}' and position point between them (`TeX-insert-braces').
`M-}'
     Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (`up-list').
`C-c C-f'
     Close a block for LaTeX (`TeX-close-LaTeX-block').
   In TeX, the character `"' is not normally used; you use ```' to
start a quotation and `''' to end one.  TeX mode defines the key `"' to
insert ```' after whitespace or an open brace, `"' after a backslash,
or `''' otherwise.  This is done by the command `TeX-insert-quote'.  If
you need the character `"' itself in unusual contexts, use `C-q' to
insert it.  Also, `"' with a numeric argument always inserts that
number of `"' characters.
   In TeX mode, `$' has a special syntax code which attempts to
understand the way TeX math mode delimiters match.  When you insert a
`$' that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching `$'
that entered math mode is displayed for a second.  This is the same
feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that is
inserted.  However, there is no way to tell whether a `$' enters math
mode or leaves it; so when you insert a `$' that enters math mode, the
previous `$' position is shown as if it were a match, even though they
are actually unrelated.
   If you prefer to keep braces balanced at all times, you can use `M-{'
(`TeX-insert-braces') to insert a pair of braces.  It leaves point
between the two braces so you can insert the text that belongs inside.
Afterward, use the command `M-}' (`up-list') to move forward past the
close brace.
   There are two commands for checking the matching of braces.  LFD
(`TeX-terminate-paragraph') checks the paragraph before point, and
inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph.  It prints a message in
the echo area if any mismatch is found.  `M-x validate-TeX-buffer'
checks the entire buffer, paragraph by paragraph.  When it finds a
paragraph that contains a mismatch, it displays point at the beginning
of the paragraph for a few seconds and pushes a mark at that spot.
Scanning continues until the whole buffer has been checked or until you
type another key.  The positions of the last several paragraphs with
mismatches can be found in the mark ring (*note Mark Ring::.).
   Note that square brackets and parentheses, not just braces, are
matched in TeX mode.  This is wrong if you want to  check TeX syntax.
However, parentheses and square brackets are likely to be used in text
as matching delimiters and it is useful for the various motion commands
and automatic match display to work with them.
   In LaTeX input, `\begin' and `\end' commands must balance.  After
you insert a `\begin', use `C-c C-f' (`TeX-close-LaTeX-block') to
insert automatically a matching `\end' (on a new line following the
`\begin').  A blank line is inserted between the two, and point is left
there.
File: lemacs,  Node: TeX Print,  Prev: TeX Editing,  Up: TeX Mode
TeX Printing Commands
.....................
   You can invoke TeX as an inferior of Emacs on either the entire
contents of the buffer or just a region at a time.  Running TeX in this
way on just one chapter is a good way to see what your changes look
like without taking the time to format the entire file.
`C-c C-r'
     Invoke TeX on the current region, plus the buffer's header
     (`TeX-region').
`C-c C-b'
     Invoke TeX on the entire current buffer (`TeX-buffer').
`C-c C-l'
     Recenter the window showing output from the inferior TeX so that
     the last line can be seen (`TeX-recenter-output-buffer').
`C-c C-k'
     Kill the inferior TeX (`TeX-kill-job').
`C-c C-p'
     Print the output from the last `C-c C-r' or `C-c C-b' command
     (`TeX-print').
`C-c C-q'
     Show the printer queue (`TeX-show-print-queue').
   You can pass the current buffer through an inferior TeX using `C-c
C-b' (`TeX-buffer').  The formatted output appears in a file in `/tmp';
to print it, type `C-c C-p' (`TeX-print').  Afterward use `C-c C-q'
(`TeX-show-print-queue') to view the progress of your output towards
being printed.
   The console output from TeX, including any error messages, appears
in a buffer called `*TeX-shell*'.  If TeX gets an error, you can switch
to this buffer and feed it input (this works as in Shell mode; *note
Interactive Shell::.).  Without switching to this buffer, you can scroll
it so that its last line is visible by typing `C-c C-l'.
   Type `C-c C-k' (`TeX-kill-job') to kill the TeX process if you see
that its output is no longer useful.  Using `C-c C-b' or `C-c C-r' also
kills any TeX process still running.
   You can pass an arbitrary region through an inferior TeX by typing
`C-c C-r' (`TeX-region').  This is tricky, however, because most files
of TeX input contain commands at the beginning to set parameters and
define macros.  Without them, no later part of the file will format
correctly.  To solve this problem, `C-c C-r' allows you to designate a
part of the file as containing essential commands; it is included
before the specified region as part of the input to TeX.  The
designated part of the file is called the "header".
   To indicate the bounds of the header in Plain TeX mode, insert two
special strings in the file: `%**start of header' before the header,
and `%**end of header' after it.  Each string must appear entirely on
one line, but there may be other text on the line before or after.  The
lines containing the two strings are included in the header.  If
`%**start of header' does not appear within the first 100 lines of the
buffer, `C-c C-r' assumes there is no header.
   In LaTeX mode, the header begins with `\documentstyle' and ends with
`\begin{document}'.  These are commands that LaTeX requires you to use,
so you don't need to do anything special to identify the header.
   When you enter either kind of TeX mode, Emacs calls with no
arguments the value of the variable `text-mode-hook', if that value
exists and is not `nil'.  Emacs then calls the variable `TeX-mode-hook'
and either `plain-TeX-mode-hook' or `LaTeX-mode-hook' under the same
conditions.
File: lemacs,  Node: Outline Mode,  Prev: TeX Mode,  Up: Text Mode
Outline Mode
------------
   Outline mode is a major mode similar to Text mode but intended for
editing outlines.  It allows you to make parts of the text temporarily
invisible so that you can see just the overall structure of the
outline.  Type `M-x outline-mode' to turn on Outline mode in the
current buffer.
   When you enter Outline mode, Emacs calls with no arguments the value
of the variable `text-mode-hook', if that value exists and is not
`nil'; then it does the same with the variable `outline-mode-hook'.
   When a line is invisible in outline mode, it does not appear on the
screen.  The screen appears exactly as if the invisible line were
deleted, except that an ellipsis (three periods in a row) appears at
the end of the previous visible line (only one ellipsis no matter how
many invisible lines follow).
   All editing commands treat the text of the invisible line as part of
the previous visible line.  For example, `C-n' moves onto the next
visible line.  Killing an entire visible line, including its
terminating newline, really kills all the following invisible lines as
well; yanking everything back yanks the invisible lines and they remain
invisible.
* Menu:
* Format: Outline Format.      What the text of an outline looks like.
* Motion: Outline Motion.      Special commands for moving through outlines.
* Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible.
File: lemacs,  Node: Outline Format,  Next: Outline Motion,  Prev: Outline Mode,  Up: Outline Mode
Format of Outlines
..................
   Outline mode assumes that the lines in the buffer are of two types:
"heading lines" and "body lines".  A heading line represents a topic in
the outline.  Heading lines start with one or more stars; the number of
stars determines the depth of the heading in the outline structure.
Thus, a heading line with one star is a major topic; all the heading
lines with two stars between it and the next one-star heading are its
subtopics; and so on.  Any line that is not a heading line is a body
line.  Body lines belong to the preceding heading line.  Here is an
example:
     * Food

     This is the body,
     which says something about the topic of food.

     ** Delicious Food

     This is the body of the second-level header.

     ** Distasteful Food

     This could have
     a body too, with
     several lines.

     *** Dormitory Food

     * Shelter

     A second first-level topic with its header line.
   A heading line together with all following body lines is called
collectively an "entry".  A heading line together with all following
deeper heading lines and their body lines is called a "subtree".
   You can customize the criterion for distinguishing heading lines by
setting the variable `outline-regexp'.  Any line whose beginning has a
match for this regexp is considered a heading line.  Matches that start
within a line (not at the beginning) do not count.  The length of the
matching text determines the level of the heading; longer matches make
a more deeply nested level.  Thus, for example, if a text formatter has
commands `@chapter', `@section' and `@subsection' to divide the
document into chapters and sections, you can make those lines count as
heading lines by setting `outline-regexp' to
`"@chap\\|@\\(sub\\)*section"'.  Note the trick: the two words
`chapter' and `section' are the same length, but by defining the regexp
to match only `chap' we ensure that the length of the text matched on a
chapter heading is shorter, so that Outline mode will know that
sections are contained in chapters.  This works as long as no other
command starts with `@chap'.
   Outline mode makes a line invisible by changing the newline before it
into an ASCII Control-M (code 015).  Most editing commands that work on
lines treat an invisible line as part of the previous line because,
strictly speaking, it is part of that line, since there is no longer a
newline in between.  When you save the file in Outline mode, Control-M
characters are saved as newlines, so the invisible lines become ordinary
lines in the file.  Saving does not change the visibility status of a
line inside Emacs.
File: lemacs,  Node: Outline Motion,  Next: Outline Visibility,  Prev: Outline Format,  Up: Outline Mode
Outline Motion Commands
.......................
   Some special commands in Outline mode move backward and forward to
heading lines.
`C-c C-n'
     Move point to the next visible heading line
     (`outline-next-visible-heading').
`C-c C-p'
     Move point to the previous visible heading line
     (`outline-previous-visible-heading').
`C-c C-f'
     Move point to the next visible heading line at the same level as
     the one point is on (`outline-forward-same-level').
`C-c C-b'
     Move point to the previous visible heading line at the same level
     (`outline-backward-same-level').
`C-c C-u'
     Move point up to a lower-level (more inclusive) visible heading
     line (`outline-up-heading').
   `C-c C-n' (`next-visible-heading') moves down to the next heading
line.  `C-c C-p' (`previous-visible-heading') moves similarly backward.
Both accept numeric arguments as repeat counts.  The names emphasize
that invisible headings are skipped, but this is not really a special
feature.  All editing commands that look for lines ignore the invisible
lines automatically.
   More advanced motion commands understand the levels of headings.
The commands `C-c C-f' (`outline-forward-same-level') and `C-c C-b'
(`outline-backward-same-level') move from one heading line to another
visible heading at the same depth in the outline.  `C-c C-u'
(`outline-up-heading') moves backward to another heading that is less
deeply nested.
File: lemacs,  Node: Outline Visibility,  Prev: Outline Motion,  Up: Outline Mode
Outline Visibility Commands
...........................
   The other special commands of outline mode are used to make lines
visible or invisible.  Their names all start with `hide' or `show'.
Most of them exist as pairs of opposites.  They are not undoable;
instead, you can undo right past them.  Making lines visible or
invisible is simply not recorded by the undo mechanism.
`M-x hide-body'
     Make all body lines in the buffer invisible.
`M-x show-all'
     Make all lines in the buffer visible.
`C-c C-h'
     Make everything under this heading invisible, not including this
     heading itself (`hide-subtree').
`C-c C-s'
     Make everything under this heading visible, including body,
     subheadings, and their bodies (`show-subtree').
`M-x hide-leaves'
     Make the body of this heading line, and of all its subheadings,
     invisible.
`M-x show-branches'
     Make all subheadings of this heading line, at all levels, visible.
`C-c C-i'
     Make immediate subheadings (one level down) of this heading line
     visible (`show-children').
`M-x hide-entry'
     Make this heading line's body invisible.
`M-x show-entry'
     Make this heading line's body visible.
   Two commands that are exact opposites are `M-x hide-entry' and `M-x
show-entry'.  They are used with point on a heading line, and apply
only to the body lines of that heading.  The subtopics and their bodies
are not affected.
   Two more powerful opposites are `C-c C-h' (`hide-subtree') and `C-c
C-s' (`show-subtree').  Both should be used when point is on a heading
line, and both apply to all the lines of that heading's "subtree": its
body, all its subheadings, both direct and indirect, and all of their
bodies.  In other words, the subtree contains everything following this
heading line, up to and not including the next heading of the same or
higher rank.
   Intermediate between a visible subtree and an invisible one is having
all the subheadings visible but none of the body.  There are two
commands for doing this, one that hides the bodies and one that makes
the subheadings visible.  They are `M-x hide-leaves' and `M-x
show-branches'.
   A little weaker than `show-branches' is `C-c C-i' (`show-children').
It makes just the direct subheadings visible--those one level down.
Deeper subheadings remain invisible.
   Two commands have a blanket effect on the whole file.  `M-x
hide-body' makes all body lines invisible, so that you see just the
outline structure.  `M-x show-all' makes all lines visible.  You can
think of these commands as a pair of opposites even though `M-x
show-all' applies to more than just body lines.
   You can turn off the use of ellipses at the ends of visible lines by
setting `selective-display-ellipses' to `nil'.  The result is no
visible indication of the presence of invisible lines.